Children have psychology {child psychology}.
early childhood needs
Early childhood needs are physical care, personal attention, sensory stimulation, exploratory behavior, and contact with people. Young deprived children show apathy, unresponsiveness, anxiety, and fetal posture. Unmet needs can lead later to desire to get affection or inability to demonstrate affection.
parenting
Parent's absence can lead to too little or too much aggression, adjustment, and peer interactions.
parenting: model for imitation
Children often try to imitate other people. Adults and children typically try to emulate and strongly identify with real people as ideal self.
parenting: family social class
In middle class, children can determine their behavior and internalize their standards of conduct. Parents punish violence and aggression but not defiance or speech. In lower class, parents can impose standards of conduct and respectability, punishing transgressions.
parenting: personality
Parent attitudes are important to personality. Weak and ineffectual fathers and mothers tend to have hyperaggressive children. Dictatorial and uncaring parents tend to have shy children, who feel inferior. Bottle feeding or breast feeding, regular feeding or demand feeding, abrupt rearing or gradual rearing, early bowel training or late bowel training, and punishment or non-punishment of toilet errors, have little effect on personality or adjustment.
parenting: institutionalization
Institutionalized children have higher mortality rate, more disease, and lower intellectual and social development.
theories
Child psychology theories are psychoanalytic, learning, and cognitive. Psychoanalytic theory depends on stages of instinctual-energy expression. Learning theory emphasizes behavior modification through conditioning. Cognitive theory emphasizes cognitive-skill development for adaptation through self-activation and is the most accepted.
theories: Piaget
Piaget tested children's cognition by asking questions about what happens. Children seem to know concepts that Piaget's theory predicts that they cannot know. Social interaction and cultural effects seem to affect cognition as much as individual experience and maturation. Equilibration is not a proven learning mechanism. Child may not understand instructions and so cannot perform task.
Enriched and secure environment {enrichment, child} can aid higher intellectual development.
People, especially children, need to center their lives and emotions on another person {identification, psychology}|. Children and adults identify with adult as role model.
Many children have imaginary playmates {imaginary companion}|.
Early schooling {nursery school}| leads to more independence, more interaction with peers, more aggression and assertiveness, and fewer bad habits. Nursery school does not affect anxiety and does not affect personality.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225